Religion and Violence- Page 313
This excerpt regarding violence in the Christian faith discusses missionaries. This act of bringing the Christian religion (and any religion for that matter) to countries in need has been in active practice for centuries. However, as nationalism increases in these places, violence towards these missionary "invaders" is increasingly common. Missionary work is the foundation of what some call "white mans burden". This includes bringing modern western medicine and culture to the less fortunate. Furthermore, missionaries attempt to convert the people of these places to Christianity and introduce them to the love of God. The problem with this glorified view is what these people actually want. Spreading a religion is an honorable job, but the people who feel they are being pressured to accept western ways see it as a destructive force to ancient culture. This has cause lots of violence and out lash at the presence of missionaries. Some are even killed or executed to make a point about the opinions of locals on these foreign people. This has shaped the culture of Christians and spreading their beliefs. This has also resulted in increased conflict between Christians and cultures all over the world. Less forceful ways of missionary work and spreading Christianity, and increased acceptance of other cultures would help decrease these violent clashes.
Study Questions
1. Christianity began as a sect of Judaism in 1 C.E when the Roman empire was at its peak and Augustus Ceasar ruled.
2. Jesus preformed miracles like the Messiah that included healing people and eventually dying for our sins. He did not however create a Kingdom on Earth with Jerusalem as the capital.
3. The basic rituals of early Christianity included Eucharist, common meal, and Baptism.
4. The section of the New Testament that was most likely written first is Paul's letters. 50's and 60's of the new century was when the gospels began.
5. Constantine took advantage of the growing Christian religion to increase his own support. He assembled Christian leaders and selected which gospels would make up the bible. He was similar to Asoka who converted to the new religion, Buddhism.
6. Eastern Orthodox- Patriarch, Icons, Baptist immersion, Greek, and the use of wine.
Western Christianity on the contrary included the pope, statues, baptist sprinkling, Latin, and used only bread.
7. The reformation was caused by many things included the rise of nationalism, the teachings of the renaissance, and the decline of the papacy.
8. Seven Sacraments- baptism, confirmation, penance, Eucharist, extreme unction, marriage, and holy orders.
9. Pope John XXII wanted to bring the church into the 20th century. He called the Vatican II Council and made some of the most dramatic changes to the church. One of the most important was the ecumenical movement, to reconcile disagreements.
10. Liberation Theology is an emphasis on liberation from social, economic, and political oppression. This is in anticipation of ultimate salvation. Fundamentalism is based on the fact that the Church was made by God to be its divine authorized interpreter.
Tuesday, May 19, 2015
Friday, May 1, 2015
Summative
Part 1:
4. To what extent does Christianity teach pacifism?
Pacifism is a philosophy that was widely practiced in the Christian religion in the first few centuries of its existence. However, in 430, Augustine justified the use of violence in what he deemed just violence. He developed a theory that earthly existence consisted of the coexistence of good and evil and that in the words on Maryanne Stevens of the theology department in the Kripke Center, "Good is an aspect of evil, and evil is both a source and a possible outcome of the good it seeks to achieve." This means that it can be argued that the rejection of violence due to Christian doctrine may result in a terrible price and the use of violence may be used in the pursuance of good. This theory became rooted in Christian theology and has now been used to justify violent acts from the Crusades to self defense laws. However, Christianity itself is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the lessons of God. This allows me to say that Christianity teaches pacifism to a great extent due to quotes by Jesus Christ that only condone a pacifist way of life. The gospel writers record Jesus saying that violence and division is overcome by sacrificial love. Love thy enemy and the idea that we must not return evil for evil (fighting fire with fire) are central to the Christian ideals of love and forgiveness. Jesus lived a life without violence and encouraged this to others. This supports the idea of pacifism in the core Christian teachings. Hershberger, a Mennonite contemporary of Niebuhr’s, strongly believed that the message of Jesus forbade his followers from using violence. However, many powerful religious leaders today are still not in support of this belief. The world is changing and so are the interpretations of these texts. Popes Paul VI and John Paul II argue that pacifism is a, "a cowardly and lazy conception of life” and that we should strive for “peace at any cost,". These beliefs are increasingly prevalent in today's society and are seen in politics as well as religion. For example, the war on terrorism and the idea of fighting for what you believe.
http://peacetheology.net/pacifism/christian-pacifism-in-brief/
http://peacetheology.net/pacifism/christian-pacifism-in-brief/
http://moses.creighton.edu/csrs/news/S91-1.html
Part II:
"Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the catholic faith;
Which faith except every one do keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly.
And the catholic faith is this: That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity;
Neither confounding the persons nor dividing the substance." - Athanasian Creed
a) Comment on the meaning of this passage. (3)
This passage mentions one of the core believes in the Christian faith. This is of the Holy Trinity or the fact that defines God as three entities or persons. These are God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. This is why the quote says "we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity. This is because each entity is separate from the other but God encompases all three and none may be seperated from the others, hence, "Neither confounding the persons nor dividing the substance."
b) Explain how Christians can attain salvation. (7)
Christians can attain salvation primarily by following Gods way and living a life of forgiveness. Humans are considered to be slaves to the original sin and are all sinners in themselves. However, through repentance and reconciliation, or feeling regret, confessing, and learning from past mistakes. A Christian must hold true to the Catholic faith and never doubt God Almighty. The Ten Commandments outline the basic rules by which all Christians should live and these should be followed to the best of ones ability. Catholics must have faith in God and seek forgiveness for their sins in order to be granted entrance into Heaven in the afterlife. They must worship the Holy Trinity and feel gratitude for the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ and his resurrection.
4. To what extent does Christianity teach pacifism?
Pacifism is a philosophy that was widely practiced in the Christian religion in the first few centuries of its existence. However, in 430, Augustine justified the use of violence in what he deemed just violence. He developed a theory that earthly existence consisted of the coexistence of good and evil and that in the words on Maryanne Stevens of the theology department in the Kripke Center, "Good is an aspect of evil, and evil is both a source and a possible outcome of the good it seeks to achieve." This means that it can be argued that the rejection of violence due to Christian doctrine may result in a terrible price and the use of violence may be used in the pursuance of good. This theory became rooted in Christian theology and has now been used to justify violent acts from the Crusades to self defense laws. However, Christianity itself is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the lessons of God. This allows me to say that Christianity teaches pacifism to a great extent due to quotes by Jesus Christ that only condone a pacifist way of life. The gospel writers record Jesus saying that violence and division is overcome by sacrificial love. Love thy enemy and the idea that we must not return evil for evil (fighting fire with fire) are central to the Christian ideals of love and forgiveness. Jesus lived a life without violence and encouraged this to others. This supports the idea of pacifism in the core Christian teachings. Hershberger, a Mennonite contemporary of Niebuhr’s, strongly believed that the message of Jesus forbade his followers from using violence. However, many powerful religious leaders today are still not in support of this belief. The world is changing and so are the interpretations of these texts. Popes Paul VI and John Paul II argue that pacifism is a, "a cowardly and lazy conception of life” and that we should strive for “peace at any cost,". These beliefs are increasingly prevalent in today's society and are seen in politics as well as religion. For example, the war on terrorism and the idea of fighting for what you believe.
http://peacetheology.net/pacifism/christian-pacifism-in-brief/
http://peacetheology.net/pacifism/christian-pacifism-in-brief/
http://moses.creighton.edu/csrs/news/S91-1.html
Part II:
"Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the catholic faith;
Which faith except every one do keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly.
And the catholic faith is this: That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity;
Neither confounding the persons nor dividing the substance." - Athanasian Creed
a) Comment on the meaning of this passage. (3)
This passage mentions one of the core believes in the Christian faith. This is of the Holy Trinity or the fact that defines God as three entities or persons. These are God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. This is why the quote says "we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity. This is because each entity is separate from the other but God encompases all three and none may be seperated from the others, hence, "Neither confounding the persons nor dividing the substance."
b) Explain how Christians can attain salvation. (7)
Christians can attain salvation primarily by following Gods way and living a life of forgiveness. Humans are considered to be slaves to the original sin and are all sinners in themselves. However, through repentance and reconciliation, or feeling regret, confessing, and learning from past mistakes. A Christian must hold true to the Catholic faith and never doubt God Almighty. The Ten Commandments outline the basic rules by which all Christians should live and these should be followed to the best of ones ability. Catholics must have faith in God and seek forgiveness for their sins in order to be granted entrance into Heaven in the afterlife. They must worship the Holy Trinity and feel gratitude for the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ and his resurrection.
Part II- Focused Study
Christianity main points
Christianity is formed on the basis that the human condition is sin. The only way to be granted life in heaven and not burn in the eternal hell of the afterlife is to be pardoned for your sins and live an ethical life. Sin includes acts that are condoned in the bible and primarily the ten commandments and include things like murder, sex before marriage, robbery, and cheating. Smaller sins and rules exist in the religion and these form the foundation for how a Christian should live their life. We as humans were created by God, whose love surrounds us and guides us through our lives. This is one of the fundamental beliefs of Christians. It is human nature to sin, but with the help of God and living in a holy manner that includes ethical values will help one be pardoned when they are ultimately judged for their acts. Following God and the teaching of Jesus Christ is key in living as a Christian.
The ultimate goal of any Christian is to reach heaven and not be sent to the burning hell below. Heaven grants eternal life and is the throne of God. It is home to angels and perfection and the only way to win a ticket is to seek forgiveness for lifes sins. If one does not live a life of God and love then some believe (Roman Catholic) that they will be sent to purgatory, or a state of suffering who are getting rid of their sins before reaching heaven.
As has been said above, achieving the rightful passage to heaven requires a forgiven life that is lead through the eyes of God and with love. Christians who follow the ten commandments and are forgiven, as well as learn, from their sins may be granted passage into perfect heaven. Man is considered a slave to the sin with which we are born and they must therefore live with the grace of God to eventually reach heaven. Jesus was the sacrifice for the original sin of Eve, and a Christian must practice the religion with gratitude and forgiveness.
Christianity is formed on the basis that the human condition is sin. The only way to be granted life in heaven and not burn in the eternal hell of the afterlife is to be pardoned for your sins and live an ethical life. Sin includes acts that are condoned in the bible and primarily the ten commandments and include things like murder, sex before marriage, robbery, and cheating. Smaller sins and rules exist in the religion and these form the foundation for how a Christian should live their life. We as humans were created by God, whose love surrounds us and guides us through our lives. This is one of the fundamental beliefs of Christians. It is human nature to sin, but with the help of God and living in a holy manner that includes ethical values will help one be pardoned when they are ultimately judged for their acts. Following God and the teaching of Jesus Christ is key in living as a Christian.
The ultimate goal of any Christian is to reach heaven and not be sent to the burning hell below. Heaven grants eternal life and is the throne of God. It is home to angels and perfection and the only way to win a ticket is to seek forgiveness for lifes sins. If one does not live a life of God and love then some believe (Roman Catholic) that they will be sent to purgatory, or a state of suffering who are getting rid of their sins before reaching heaven.
As has been said above, achieving the rightful passage to heaven requires a forgiven life that is lead through the eyes of God and with love. Christians who follow the ten commandments and are forgiven, as well as learn, from their sins may be granted passage into perfect heaven. Man is considered a slave to the sin with which we are born and they must therefore live with the grace of God to eventually reach heaven. Jesus was the sacrifice for the original sin of Eve, and a Christian must practice the religion with gratitude and forgiveness.
6) Ethics and Moral Conduct
The core ethical teachings of Christianity are found in the Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes. These contain a summary of Christian ethics and stress the importance of human life. A life directed toward holiness is a key concept in the ethics of Christian life and Jesus' statements about ethical behavior are considered extremely important.
In the beginning of Christianity's long history, Christians would not justify killing anyone to achieve personal goals, and would not engage in Rome's military campaigns. This was changed when the theologian Augustine developed the theory of just violence; a theory that became deeply rooted in Christian theology. However, pacifism is still believed to be rightest under Christian doctrine to this day, and some practitioners do not believe that any violent act may be justified. These pacifists are willing to accept injustice if violence is the only way to achieve justice.
Another issue that has become increasingly controversial in modern times is the idea of abortion and embryo research. Abortion in particular carries strong opinions in the pro-life and pro-choice perspectives. Many pro-life believers will argue that in the Christian faith God's love for all, and the appreciation for human life makes abortion a sinful act that can be considered murder. Pro-choice advocates argue that God loves all, and that we should allow people the freedom to choice what to do with their bodies. The point in controversy is whether the ball of cells that will eventually turn into a baby and may be aborted may be considered alive or not. This is something that the church has stuck to with a strong belief that abortion is wrong and they should be able to consider it illegal. Catholicism is the most strict in this issue and is adamant in spreading support for pro-life. Interestingly enough, the new Pope stated that he finds the church to be too obsessed with political issues like abortion and that the church should reconsider its focus to more charitable passions.
http://www.ppl.org/index.php/publications/abortion-and-christian-faith/61-biblical-and-theological/64-a-firm-foundation-christian-theology-and-abortion
http://portal.waverley.nsw.edu.au/library/SOR/02_christianity/core_ethical_summary.html
http://moses.creighton.edu/csrs/news/S91-1.html
In the beginning of Christianity's long history, Christians would not justify killing anyone to achieve personal goals, and would not engage in Rome's military campaigns. This was changed when the theologian Augustine developed the theory of just violence; a theory that became deeply rooted in Christian theology. However, pacifism is still believed to be rightest under Christian doctrine to this day, and some practitioners do not believe that any violent act may be justified. These pacifists are willing to accept injustice if violence is the only way to achieve justice.
Another issue that has become increasingly controversial in modern times is the idea of abortion and embryo research. Abortion in particular carries strong opinions in the pro-life and pro-choice perspectives. Many pro-life believers will argue that in the Christian faith God's love for all, and the appreciation for human life makes abortion a sinful act that can be considered murder. Pro-choice advocates argue that God loves all, and that we should allow people the freedom to choice what to do with their bodies. The point in controversy is whether the ball of cells that will eventually turn into a baby and may be aborted may be considered alive or not. This is something that the church has stuck to with a strong belief that abortion is wrong and they should be able to consider it illegal. Catholicism is the most strict in this issue and is adamant in spreading support for pro-life. Interestingly enough, the new Pope stated that he finds the church to be too obsessed with political issues like abortion and that the church should reconsider its focus to more charitable passions.
http://www.ppl.org/index.php/publications/abortion-and-christian-faith/61-biblical-and-theological/64-a-firm-foundation-christian-theology-and-abortion
http://portal.waverley.nsw.edu.au/library/SOR/02_christianity/core_ethical_summary.html
http://moses.creighton.edu/csrs/news/S91-1.html
Wednesday, April 29, 2015
5) Religious Experiences
What is the group or individual experience in Christianity?
The individual experience in Christianity includes many private prayers and the tradition of confession in the Catholic sect. This differs based on the belief of a mediary or priest to help connect you to God, or a direct connection proposed by Martin Luther. Confession in the Catholic denomination consists of a person confessing their sins to a priest in utmost privacy. However, many rituals are preformed with a group of people and bring practitioners together. This includes the traditional wedding in a church with distinct language that incorporates God and community into the celebration. Music and dance are used in weddings and celebrations of all Christian holidays including Christmas and Easter to create a common experience with which all Christians celebrate. These holidays and personal experiences are based on doctrines within the Christian religion.
What is the role of meditation / worship / prayer?
Worship is included in the group celebration on each Sunday that brings the community together while praising God. This is a fundamental part of the religion and solidifying their belief. Music and singing is used to create a beautiful sound that embraces God and the beauty in the world. Language is used to communicate the messages and allow for personal interpretation based on personal experience. Prayer is done in this environment of community as well as in the privacy of ones home. This results in the development of a culture that impacts Christianity greatly in different areas of the world. The specific prayers and social events will also affect individuals.
The individual experience in Christianity includes many private prayers and the tradition of confession in the Catholic sect. This differs based on the belief of a mediary or priest to help connect you to God, or a direct connection proposed by Martin Luther. Confession in the Catholic denomination consists of a person confessing their sins to a priest in utmost privacy. However, many rituals are preformed with a group of people and bring practitioners together. This includes the traditional wedding in a church with distinct language that incorporates God and community into the celebration. Music and dance are used in weddings and celebrations of all Christian holidays including Christmas and Easter to create a common experience with which all Christians celebrate. These holidays and personal experiences are based on doctrines within the Christian religion.
What is the role of meditation / worship / prayer?
Worship is included in the group celebration on each Sunday that brings the community together while praising God. This is a fundamental part of the religion and solidifying their belief. Music and singing is used to create a beautiful sound that embraces God and the beauty in the world. Language is used to communicate the messages and allow for personal interpretation based on personal experience. Prayer is done in this environment of community as well as in the privacy of ones home. This results in the development of a culture that impacts Christianity greatly in different areas of the world. The specific prayers and social events will also affect individuals.
4) Doctrines and Beliefs
Key Doctrine- The key belief in the Christian faith is that Jesus was crucified for the sins of others and he was God's son. He was resurrected 3 days after being buried. This is the foundation of belief for Christians and from it grows the problem of sin and solution of repentance. This also solidifies Jesus' role as Messiah and a holy figure that was the son of God. The entire faith stems from this miracle and the fact that Jesus died for our sins.
Eschatology- This is the part of Christian theory that describes the end of history or the apocalypse. This results in how Christians strive for salvation and to be forgiven for their sins. This will grant them eternal life and life in heaven instead of hell. The apocalypse is viewed as the end of God and the violent destruction of the world in Christianity.
Schools of thought- There are many schools of thought in Christianity under different umbrellas of thought and branches. These all differ in slight ways through interpretation or belief. These specific divides have created many denominations under which Christianity is practiced at slight or major differences and separated the religion. In my opinion, the divides in the religion separate practitioners and result in the confusion of authority to divine figures, for example the Pope. Culture has greatly influenced practitioners and each denomination; specifically Catholicism and the strong connection to Roman tradition and worship.
In conclusion, each doctrine results in the direct or indirect practice of ritual and celebration. Each doctrine may be analyzed differently and several denominations are the result. The culture of Christianity remains strong and the link between organization and authority will differ to each sect.
Eschatology- This is the part of Christian theory that describes the end of history or the apocalypse. This results in how Christians strive for salvation and to be forgiven for their sins. This will grant them eternal life and life in heaven instead of hell. The apocalypse is viewed as the end of God and the violent destruction of the world in Christianity.
Schools of thought- There are many schools of thought in Christianity under different umbrellas of thought and branches. These all differ in slight ways through interpretation or belief. These specific divides have created many denominations under which Christianity is practiced at slight or major differences and separated the religion. In my opinion, the divides in the religion separate practitioners and result in the confusion of authority to divine figures, for example the Pope. Culture has greatly influenced practitioners and each denomination; specifically Catholicism and the strong connection to Roman tradition and worship.
In conclusion, each doctrine results in the direct or indirect practice of ritual and celebration. Each doctrine may be analyzed differently and several denominations are the result. The culture of Christianity remains strong and the link between organization and authority will differ to each sect.
3) Sacred Texts
The Bible is not only the best sold book in the world, but it is also the most important text in the Christian faith. It is split into the New Testament and the Old Testament. The primary difference between the two parts are the fact that one anticipates Jesus' arrival and the other describes Jesus' life. This is when the authority of the Old Testament is called into question. Jesus was the figure that brought Christianity to existence and gave the Bible authority. The Old Testament however is unable to be determined as fact or fiction due to its resonance in faith and lack of historical reference. This is also found in the comparison between historians reports like Tacitus, and Josephus. These people offer different perspectives in a primary point of view that carry and give authority to the faith based gospels.
Reading the bible contextually, in the historical, cultural, and personal context of the time, or literally, each word is taken on face level to be exact, will dramatically change the interpretation of the text. Also, the Bible is considered to be God's word. This means that we are not able to fully understand his pristine meaning. These differences in analysis have lead to many variations in practice. Catholics and Protestants for example differ in their believes in the authority of the Bible alone. Protestants believe that the Bible is God's word and is the only text on which Christian behavior should be measured. Catholics believe that tradition and worship are equally important on Christian Values. This is shown in Timothy 3:16, "...all Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work."
The Gospels focus on the life of Jesus Christ and his life, death, and resurrection. They explore Jesus from a first hand perspective and his status as Messiah. This results in a direct link between Christianity and Jesus. The Bible is also read as the word God which directly links God with the religious beliefs.
Interpretation of the Bible has changed over time and has resulted in many different denominations and sects within the Christian religion. This is apparent in the comparison above between the Catholic and Protestant denominations. These branch further into different sects, all with their own disagreements and contrasts about analyzing the Bible. For example, Baptists and Lutherans differ in their believes of how someone is saved- by a public profession, or to an unknowing baby.
Read more:http://www.gotquestions.org/difference-Catholic-Protestant.html#ixzz3YiD9XWW0
Reading the bible contextually, in the historical, cultural, and personal context of the time, or literally, each word is taken on face level to be exact, will dramatically change the interpretation of the text. Also, the Bible is considered to be God's word. This means that we are not able to fully understand his pristine meaning. These differences in analysis have lead to many variations in practice. Catholics and Protestants for example differ in their believes in the authority of the Bible alone. Protestants believe that the Bible is God's word and is the only text on which Christian behavior should be measured. Catholics believe that tradition and worship are equally important on Christian Values. This is shown in Timothy 3:16, "...all Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work."
The Gospels focus on the life of Jesus Christ and his life, death, and resurrection. They explore Jesus from a first hand perspective and his status as Messiah. This results in a direct link between Christianity and Jesus. The Bible is also read as the word God which directly links God with the religious beliefs.
Interpretation of the Bible has changed over time and has resulted in many different denominations and sects within the Christian religion. This is apparent in the comparison above between the Catholic and Protestant denominations. These branch further into different sects, all with their own disagreements and contrasts about analyzing the Bible. For example, Baptists and Lutherans differ in their believes of how someone is saved- by a public profession, or to an unknowing baby.
Read more:http://www.gotquestions.org/difference-Catholic-Protestant.html#ixzz3YiD9XWW0
Wednesday, April 8, 2015
1) Key Concepts and 2) Rituals
Part I
Vocabulary
- The Holy Trinity- The Christian concept that defines God in three elements: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. The separates the definition of what and who. Although God is separated into three persons he is still one almighty and the persons are separate from each other.
- Resurrection- A living being coming back to life after death. The death and resurrection of Jesus is the central focus of Christianity, and is used to develop the idea of life after death.
- Church- Christianity is practiced in a church. They are houses of God that sometimes symbolize His Body. The united prayers “make… in their very sound the sign of the Cross.”
- Sin- The act of violating God’s will. These vary from minor to deadly and are shown through violating the 10 commandments. Sin is inevitable and separates humans from God, but they must be repented.
- Repentance- Reviewing ones actions and feeling regret for past wrongs. In Christianity one must have a change of heart after Repenting and it is motivated by a love of God and a sincere desire to obey his commandments.
- Reconciliation- This occurs after repenting and is the restoration of good relations. This is when one is able to be forgiven in God’s merciful love.
- Grace- By definition in the bible, “the love and mercy given to us by God because God desires us to have it, not because of anything we have done to earn it.” Grace is described as a gift from God to man, that manifests in the salvation of sinners.
- Agape- Selfless, sacrificial, unconditional love. There are four types of love in the bible and this is the highest. This is the love that Jesus had for his father and his followers, and is why he sacrificed himself.
- Atonement- Humans can be reconciled to God. This is the pardoning of original sin and sin in general by the sacrifice and death of Jesus. There are many different theories regarding atonement.
- Kingdom of God- This is heaven. If a person lives a righteous life and repents their sins, as well as loves God and accepts his love- then they will be granted entrance into the Kingdom of God.
Festivals/ Holy Days- There are many holy days in Christianity that all come with various festivals and traditions in their celebration. This includes Christmas, Lent, Easter, Ascension day, and Holy week. All of these celebrations are in honor of events in the life of Jesus or remember saints and acts of God. These rituals bring the Christian community together and celebrate and strengthen their faith. These holidays help practitioners appreciate the struggles of Jesus, and the major elements of their religion. They are celebrated differently all over the world in terms of food and tradition, but the reason they are celebrated and the mood they bring are international.
Gender and Ritual- Christianity may be considered a male affair in the aspects of God, The Son, and the popularity of male Priests. However, with these common references of He and Him people forget about the absence of gender in the spiritual sense. Therefore, God is only referred to as Father because this is what Jesus calls him. Marriage is a holy gift from God that is considered sacred in Christianity. This is why getting married in a church, in front of God, is very important. Women are expected to dress modestly in order to save herself for her husband and avoid the sin of lust.
http://www.christianity.com/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/
Thursday, March 12, 2015
Huston Smith Part 4
Chapter 8- Sufism
- The two main divisions of Islam are Sunni- Traditionalists (87%, West and East) and Shi'ite- Descendants should succeed Muhammad (Iraq and Iran).
- Another split is found in exoteric (literal) Muslims and esoteric (mystic/Sufi) Muslims.
- The Sufis are trying to contact God in this lifetime and use magic and the use of the mysticisms of love, ecstasy (visions) , and intuition.
- Symbolism is vital to the Sufi practice. The "science of relation between science and reality". This is an abstract way of approaching the magical beliefs.
- Dhikr or to remember is used to supplement the abstract element of symbolism. This is something that is widely controversial, but the eso and exoterics of Islam have figured out how to live in peace.
Islam has several major divisions but one of the broad ones that impact the practice of Islam is Sufism. This mystic approach to Islam is in the attempt to find God in this life. They are known as esoteric Muslims and use things like symbolism and abstraction to explain and analyze their beliefs.
Chapter 9- Whither Islam?
- Islam is historically one of the richest religions on this planet.
- It has included some of the brightest minds that changed the thinking of their time.
- The growth is not confined to the past and the religion continues to see potential even after years of stagnation.
- The religion faces great problems, especially with the west and modernization.
- The future is bright as the massive religion grows and progresses to renew its former glory.
Islam has many problems in the modern world and a rich history to back up on. It shows great potential for growth despite its problems and may one day reach the glory of its past.
- The two main divisions of Islam are Sunni- Traditionalists (87%, West and East) and Shi'ite- Descendants should succeed Muhammad (Iraq and Iran).
- Another split is found in exoteric (literal) Muslims and esoteric (mystic/Sufi) Muslims.
- The Sufis are trying to contact God in this lifetime and use magic and the use of the mysticisms of love, ecstasy (visions) , and intuition.
- Symbolism is vital to the Sufi practice. The "science of relation between science and reality". This is an abstract way of approaching the magical beliefs.
- Dhikr or to remember is used to supplement the abstract element of symbolism. This is something that is widely controversial, but the eso and exoterics of Islam have figured out how to live in peace.
Islam has several major divisions but one of the broad ones that impact the practice of Islam is Sufism. This mystic approach to Islam is in the attempt to find God in this life. They are known as esoteric Muslims and use things like symbolism and abstraction to explain and analyze their beliefs.
Chapter 9- Whither Islam?
- Islam is historically one of the richest religions on this planet.
- It has included some of the brightest minds that changed the thinking of their time.
- The growth is not confined to the past and the religion continues to see potential even after years of stagnation.
- The religion faces great problems, especially with the west and modernization.
- The future is bright as the massive religion grows and progresses to renew its former glory.
Islam has many problems in the modern world and a rich history to back up on. It shows great potential for growth despite its problems and may one day reach the glory of its past.
Wednesday, March 11, 2015
Huston Smith Part 3
Chapter 6- The Five Pillars
- Islam is used as a directive the to keep Muslims on the right path, straight- explicit.
- The Five Pillars are instructions on how to lead life.
- The Shahadah is a proclamation that there is no god but God.
- This is focused by a daily prayer requirement to create a foundation for all Muslims, and a Koranic revelation told everyone to pray towards Mecca.
- Charity, Ramadan, and the Hajj are the remaining pillars and provide further instruction on how to live a life.
The Five Pillars are one of the most important parts of Muslim life. They are used as a guide to how
to act and practice properly. It creates a foundation among all Muslims and their practice and creates an explicit way to praise God. Doing good is praised and the life of a Muslim is guided by these 5 requirements.
Chapter 7- Social Teachings
- Islam stresses equality and the brotherhood of all Muslims. This is represented by the peace that overcame Arabia after its introduction and the difference to before.
- The explicitness of interpersonal relations is key to its importance in Islamic society, and therefore eliminates personal interpretation.
- Economics shows up in the Koran through breaking traditions like inheritance to the eldest son.
- Womens rights changed dramatically with Islam; however, traditions like polygamy are frowned upon from the west.
- Tolerance and in aggression are encouraged as well as living equally with other races. This is supported by the violence found in other religions.
Islam has a strong social standing in the lives of all Muslims. This is found through the social standards and expectations that are outlined in the Koran. Equality and peace as well as brotherhood and tolerance are all encouraged. However, these, like in any religion, are not seen in every Mulsims practice everywhere. The social standards of Islam changed Arabia of its time. It may now be seen as falling back on these goals from the west, but the religion must be judged in respect of its core beliefs, not few extremists.
- Islam is used as a directive the to keep Muslims on the right path, straight- explicit.
- The Five Pillars are instructions on how to lead life.
- The Shahadah is a proclamation that there is no god but God.
- This is focused by a daily prayer requirement to create a foundation for all Muslims, and a Koranic revelation told everyone to pray towards Mecca.
- Charity, Ramadan, and the Hajj are the remaining pillars and provide further instruction on how to live a life.
The Five Pillars are one of the most important parts of Muslim life. They are used as a guide to how
to act and practice properly. It creates a foundation among all Muslims and their practice and creates an explicit way to praise God. Doing good is praised and the life of a Muslim is guided by these 5 requirements.
Chapter 7- Social Teachings
- Islam stresses equality and the brotherhood of all Muslims. This is represented by the peace that overcame Arabia after its introduction and the difference to before.
- The explicitness of interpersonal relations is key to its importance in Islamic society, and therefore eliminates personal interpretation.
- Economics shows up in the Koran through breaking traditions like inheritance to the eldest son.
- Womens rights changed dramatically with Islam; however, traditions like polygamy are frowned upon from the west.
- Tolerance and in aggression are encouraged as well as living equally with other races. This is supported by the violence found in other religions.
Islam has a strong social standing in the lives of all Muslims. This is found through the social standards and expectations that are outlined in the Koran. Equality and peace as well as brotherhood and tolerance are all encouraged. However, these, like in any religion, are not seen in every Mulsims practice everywhere. The social standards of Islam changed Arabia of its time. It may now be seen as falling back on these goals from the west, but the religion must be judged in respect of its core beliefs, not few extremists.
Huston Smith Part 2
Chapter 4- The Standing Miracle
- Muhammad wrote the 114 chapters or surahs of the Qu'ran while barely literate and is described as beyond belief.
- The Qu'ran is scribed from voice segments over 23 years to Muhammad, from bells to Gabriel.
- The Qu'ran reads confusing to a european but in Arabic it is the sounds and rhythm that make it stand out.
- The text, though accepting of the old and new testaments that have been altered in translation, takes on a largely doctrinal and mildly historical tone.
- The Qu'ran is central to the Islamic beliefs and deeps each muslims personal journey.
This chapter focused on the Qu'ran and specifically the way it is written. It is a difficult text for foreigners to understand due to the language and methods at sharing the message. It retells a lot of stories from Jewish or Christian texts but clarifies them and validates discrepancies as lost in translation. The most memorized book in the world is vital to the practice of every muslim all over the world.
Chapter 5- Basic Theological Concepts
- Islam is in foundational, similar to its predecessors and focuses on the idea of the ultimate God.
- Islam is prided upon the idea that it is the only true monotheistic religion.
- God must not be brought down to human standards or given representation to prevent confusion of the two worlds.
- God is presented as graceful and peaceful and his wrath is kept to 17 lines compared to 192 references to his joy.
- Life is seen as a gift from God and Muslims must "surrender" to his power, and there will eventually be a reckoning where all actions will be judged.
Islam is based on simple concepts that bring the whole religion together. The belief in one all powerful God is one of the most important of these concepts. The peace of this God and the importance of becoming Muslim or surrendering to God is very important as well. This is because God created humans. Eventually ones life will reach judgement day where all actions will be judged to reduce falsities.
- Muhammad wrote the 114 chapters or surahs of the Qu'ran while barely literate and is described as beyond belief.
- The Qu'ran is scribed from voice segments over 23 years to Muhammad, from bells to Gabriel.
- The Qu'ran reads confusing to a european but in Arabic it is the sounds and rhythm that make it stand out.
- The text, though accepting of the old and new testaments that have been altered in translation, takes on a largely doctrinal and mildly historical tone.
- The Qu'ran is central to the Islamic beliefs and deeps each muslims personal journey.
This chapter focused on the Qu'ran and specifically the way it is written. It is a difficult text for foreigners to understand due to the language and methods at sharing the message. It retells a lot of stories from Jewish or Christian texts but clarifies them and validates discrepancies as lost in translation. The most memorized book in the world is vital to the practice of every muslim all over the world.
Chapter 5- Basic Theological Concepts
- Islam is in foundational, similar to its predecessors and focuses on the idea of the ultimate God.
- Islam is prided upon the idea that it is the only true monotheistic religion.
- God must not be brought down to human standards or given representation to prevent confusion of the two worlds.
- God is presented as graceful and peaceful and his wrath is kept to 17 lines compared to 192 references to his joy.
- Life is seen as a gift from God and Muslims must "surrender" to his power, and there will eventually be a reckoning where all actions will be judged.
Islam is based on simple concepts that bring the whole religion together. The belief in one all powerful God is one of the most important of these concepts. The peace of this God and the importance of becoming Muslim or surrendering to God is very important as well. This is because God created humans. Eventually ones life will reach judgement day where all actions will be judged to reduce falsities.
Wednesday, February 11, 2015
Huston Smith Part I
Chapter 1- Islamic Background
-It only took a century for Islam to expand from the Atlantic to China.
-These people developed their own culture and denied any of the massive empires around.
-The creation of Islam is a combination of socioeconomic conditions and the message of God.
-Muslims believe that Adam was the first man created by God,
-Muhammad's son, Ishmael was banished and may have further spread Islam, or Judaism/Christianity.
Islam saw success almost immediately in its spread due to the conditions of the time. This led to the creation of a new people whose believes accepted some of those of Christianity and Judaism, but differed in many aspects. This started with the account of Ishmael's life, Muhammad's son.
Chapter 2- The Seal of the Prophets
-Muslims believe that there have been many authentic prophets, but that Muhammad was there culmination or "The Seal of the Prophets".
-Muhammad was born into an "Ignorant" world of tribes and impulse. He suffered many losses early in his life and God brought light through his revelations.
-His first wife Khadija comforted him after the message became his burden, and made it his light, she helped him prepare to share his new status of prophet.
-Muhammad brought science to Muslims by discussing the world's incontrovertible order.
-Violence resulted due to the democratic message he gave, but when influential people began to see the truth in his message, they joined his effort and spread Islam.
Islam's believe that Muhammad is the final prophet of God, and that he gave light to the ignorant world he was born into. His wife helped him accept his role in the new religion and in God's eyes. This allowed him to fight for the spread of his message and slowly cultivate a following. His early successes quickly displayed that he had God on his side, and increased his following and the eventual spread of Islam.
Chapter 3-The Migration that Led to Victory
-Yathrib was a city 280 miles north of Mecca that felt the impact of Muhammad's teachings. Therefore, they reached out to him when they needed a strong leader.
-The migration to this city is referred to as the Hijra and is the start of the Muslim calendar.
-At his arrival in the city now known as Medina, Muhammad became more than a prophet, but a powerful politician. He still remained humble. \
-After merging the 5 conflicting tribes of Mecca word of his Miracle and his reputation began to spread.
-Even after Muhammad's untimely death, Islam spread quickly to the shores of the Atlantic ocean.
After Muhammad's miracle, he began to spread his revelations. This caused lots of conflict as well as attention, and although his life was threatened at multiple points he was still able to get to Medina to help the struggling city. His incredible reputation and humble character increased his following which spread the religion even after his young death in 632.
-It only took a century for Islam to expand from the Atlantic to China.
-These people developed their own culture and denied any of the massive empires around.
-The creation of Islam is a combination of socioeconomic conditions and the message of God.
-Muslims believe that Adam was the first man created by God,
-Muhammad's son, Ishmael was banished and may have further spread Islam, or Judaism/Christianity.
Islam saw success almost immediately in its spread due to the conditions of the time. This led to the creation of a new people whose believes accepted some of those of Christianity and Judaism, but differed in many aspects. This started with the account of Ishmael's life, Muhammad's son.
Chapter 2- The Seal of the Prophets
-Muslims believe that there have been many authentic prophets, but that Muhammad was there culmination or "The Seal of the Prophets".
-Muhammad was born into an "Ignorant" world of tribes and impulse. He suffered many losses early in his life and God brought light through his revelations.
-His first wife Khadija comforted him after the message became his burden, and made it his light, she helped him prepare to share his new status of prophet.
-Muhammad brought science to Muslims by discussing the world's incontrovertible order.
-Violence resulted due to the democratic message he gave, but when influential people began to see the truth in his message, they joined his effort and spread Islam.
Islam's believe that Muhammad is the final prophet of God, and that he gave light to the ignorant world he was born into. His wife helped him accept his role in the new religion and in God's eyes. This allowed him to fight for the spread of his message and slowly cultivate a following. His early successes quickly displayed that he had God on his side, and increased his following and the eventual spread of Islam.
Chapter 3-The Migration that Led to Victory
-Yathrib was a city 280 miles north of Mecca that felt the impact of Muhammad's teachings. Therefore, they reached out to him when they needed a strong leader.
-The migration to this city is referred to as the Hijra and is the start of the Muslim calendar.
-At his arrival in the city now known as Medina, Muhammad became more than a prophet, but a powerful politician. He still remained humble. \
-After merging the 5 conflicting tribes of Mecca word of his Miracle and his reputation began to spread.
-Even after Muhammad's untimely death, Islam spread quickly to the shores of the Atlantic ocean.
After Muhammad's miracle, he began to spread his revelations. This caused lots of conflict as well as attention, and although his life was threatened at multiple points he was still able to get to Medina to help the struggling city. His incredible reputation and humble character increased his following which spread the religion even after his young death in 632.
Critical Commentary Linear Questioning
Interview with Robinson Carroll:
The members of the Umma create a moral in the community that pushes other members to become closer to God. Ex: Sawm and Hajj
Question 1-
Why do you think a sense of community will make a person closer to God?
"I think that if you are growing in your faith with friends then it allows you to work together and discuss things based on personal experiences with God."
Question 2-
Do you think that by building relationships under experiences tied by God, one can increase their faith in God?
"Yes, because if you and your friends or community have similar beliefs than it makes you belong, instead of being an outcast without a community in which you belong."
Question 3-
How could being an outcast either lead to religion or the denial of religion?
"Being an outcast can lead to its denial because feeling outcast might make the person feel as if there is no way a good God would treat them that way- and leave them all alone. It might make them turn to God in pursuance of overcoming their situation and developing the feeling of belonging that the community will bring them."
Question 4-
Why do you think people turn to God at the hardest times of their lives?
Response/ Conclusion- "Because they have no where else to turn and they belief that even if they have pulled away from God in the past that it is the only area of hope left."
The members of the Umma create a moral in the community that pushes other members to become closer to God. Ex: Sawm and Hajj
Question 1-
Why do you think a sense of community will make a person closer to God?
"I think that if you are growing in your faith with friends then it allows you to work together and discuss things based on personal experiences with God."
Question 2-
Do you think that by building relationships under experiences tied by God, one can increase their faith in God?
"Yes, because if you and your friends or community have similar beliefs than it makes you belong, instead of being an outcast without a community in which you belong."
Question 3-
How could being an outcast either lead to religion or the denial of religion?
"Being an outcast can lead to its denial because feeling outcast might make the person feel as if there is no way a good God would treat them that way- and leave them all alone. It might make them turn to God in pursuance of overcoming their situation and developing the feeling of belonging that the community will bring them."
Question 4-
Why do you think people turn to God at the hardest times of their lives?
Response/ Conclusion- "Because they have no where else to turn and they belief that even if they have pulled away from God in the past that it is the only area of hope left."
Critical Commentary on the Interviews
Critical Commentary
1. Do you think it is acceptable to draw pictures or show images of God? and
To what extent do you agree that God cannot be materialized into human standards?
Yes, because we believe that representations of God are something that helps people focus their worship and centralize their beliefs around something they can visualize. This helps create a common image for people to associate with God and their religion. I think it is up to the religious persons to represent their God in the way they would like. This also allows religious artwork to have religious meaning.
I believe that God is not something that can be broken down into our standards or human image. However, in representing him as a human man this allows practitioners to connect with God on a personal level and feel closer to him. I think most people believe or understand that God does not look the way we portray him, but this gives them an image to the name. I think images of God may be seen as more of a symbol than a picture, and this is something that is used on a personal level and differs greatly throughout different religions and practitioners themselves. God may not be materialized into a human, but he may be represented symbolically with art and images that happen to resemble the human figure.
2. Muslims do not believe in representing God with images or human figures. They use words and calligraphy to represent Allah. This is due to the belief that God can not be understood in the context of human standards. He is beyond what we can imagine or see on Earth. Artwork that gives Allah or Muhammad a face is considered extremely controversial. This is shown by the extreme retaliation to the publication of a comic by Charlie Hebdo that shows an image of Muhammad. As a group, none of us are Muslims. This comic strip does not make any of us upset or offended, but we understand how it could offend some Muslims by bringing Muhammad, one of the prophets, down to their human level. We also find it interesting how Charlie Hebdo created this work of art with the knowledge that it would stir up a lot of controversy and we wonder if this controversy is the reason that his comic became popular.
3. The questions asked during student/teacher interviews were:
- Do you think it is acceptable to draw pictures or show images of God?
- To what extent do you agree that God cannot be materialized into human standards?
After interviewing 5 different people-2 teachers and 3 students, our group came to the consensus that these five people had similar opinions and viewpoints. In response to the first question, most people believed that it was acceptable to draw pictures and show images of God as a way of expressing themselves and it gives people something to look at or picture in their mind while worshipping their God. As a group, we agree with these interviewees and found it interesting that we all agree on this specific question. The response to the second question sparked multiple ideas and different thoughts. Some people agreed that God can be materialized into human standards just by the way one thinks of Him. Others expressed that they do not agree that God can be materialized into human standards and believe that God is not something that can be broken down into what we believe is a human image. Our group found it interesting that there were more than one major viewpoint expressed and we believe that God cannot be materialized to human standards, but in representing him as a human, it allows personal connection.
4. Integration (Connection) of evidence: examining how the question relates to Muslims in comparison to MHS society.
Showing images of God and attributing human traits to God are both strictly forbidden in the Islamic religion. Through our questions, we were trying to compare these Islamic ideas to the ideas present in the Millbrook community. Our community is mostly influenced by Christianity and Judaism rather than Islam. It was interesting to see how people that were more influenced by these religions would answer these questions since it is easy to hypothesize how a Muslim would answer them based on the beliefs of Islam.
Monday, February 9, 2015
Koran by Heart
Journal Entry- Nabioallah
Yesterday, I competed in the International Holy Koran Competition at the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Cairo, Egypt. I represented my entire country of Senegal against kids of all ages from 70 different countries. I was very nervous when I went up to recite my passage, but once I started to speak I was able to calm down. My life for the past few years has led up to this moment. I have spent hours a day memorizing the Qu'ran and working with my teacher on my pronunciation. One difficult aspect of this has been the fact that I speak Tajik and do not understand Arabic. This has led to many challenges in not only my studies, but in visiting Cairo for the competition as well. I have also never learned Tajweed, due to the nature of my small rural school. Speaking of, this school has been shut down in an attempt to reduce extremism. I have been forced to search for a new school in the capital. This has proved difficult due to the fact that I am nearly illiterate. My education thus far has been on memorizing the Qu'ran, and I must now branch out into other aspects of learning. Traveling to Egypt has been extremely scary with all of the mosquitos, people, cars, and buildings. I am all by myself and I do not understand the language. Memorizing the Qu'ran has placed me in a distinct comfort zone which I must now expand off of. The attention I received after finishing 3rd has been overwhelming. I suppose I should learn Tajweed for my future visits.
The notes I took on the video:
The international holy koran competition- Ministry of Religious Affairs in Cairo, Egypt
During Ramadan- Call to prayer ends fast
These kids are 10 and represent their entire countries (70 different)
Rules of Tajweed- Rythmic (Melody is improvised)
Qu’ran means “A Reciting”
Nabioallah (Senegal)-
All by himself
Not Arab- speaks Tajik
Scary world- mosquitos, people, cars, buildings- so much
Computer- how does it work/ buttons
Nerves before- reciting calms
Judges were amazed at his beautiful voice and unpredictable rhythm.
He doesn’t speak Arabic
Lots of attention- overwhelmed
Scored a 95
School shut down by Tajikistans secular government in an effect to shut down extremism
Can not continue studies at the school anymore- applied to school in the capital that is approved by the government (Rural schools have one teacher- young extremists)
Illiterate in Tajik
Will study and live in the new school if he was accepted
He was told to come back for more tests after his trip to Cairo
Does not know the rules of Tajweed!
Won 3rd place
Monday, February 2, 2015
Chapter 4: All About Allah
Chapter 4: All About Allah
1. What is intriguing / interesting / insightful about the benefits of Islam forbidding the use of any representations of Allah? More about this later as well.
God is not personified or brought to the level of comprehension that we hold our world at. He is abstract and impossible to understand. I believe that this may hold some realistic qualities in the idea that God is something that no one can explain and we mustn't degrade into the level of human representation as this will never be accurate. I think this is fascinating and the success they have found in keeping Allah out of human concept.
2. How in some ways is the God of Islam similar to the Hindu concept of Bramha
It is very similar in the idea that God is in all of us and God is everything. God has an endless reservoir of energy and everything on the earth is connected or is God. Brahma encompasses everything too. They are also similar in the indescribable aspects of each.
3. What is the meaning of the phrase "La ilaha ill Allah" and what are some of the implications of this phrase? (What reasons do Muslims give for this steadfast belief?)
This means "There is no god other than God." This belief is justified by the counter of claims by other religions. The idea that there is a trinity involving God is blasphemous because there is only the one and he does not discriminate. This is shown through the equal punishment of all religious persons all over the world.
4. Why can't Muslims blame anyone or anything (such as Shaytan) at the time of their judgment?
They cannot blame Shaytan because he has no actual power only the ability to suggest. We have free will and choices and this is ultimately what is judged.
5. What, according Muslim beliefs, is the role of Jesus and how is he much like Adam? What then are the reasons they do not accept Jesus as the son of God or redeemer of sin?
The lack of a father to Jesus is equal to the lack of parents to Adam. They say that if Jesus was the son of God then he would be equal to Adam. Both were created and told to "be" and they were. They accept his virgin birth and his prophet status but not being killed on the cross or redeemer of sin.
6. If Muslims are forbidden from depicting God in any way, how do they then conceptualize Allah?
He is connected to everything we think and say and he is therefore "as close as a jugular vein."Taqwa is the consiousness of God in ones life. Increasing Taqwa brings one closer to Allah. Muslims are able to conceptualize him through his actions and descriptions including the 99 names of Allah.
7. Why is "He" used to describe Allah if you cannot attribute physical traits to God?
In Arabic, all nouns have a gender, Allah is feminine and is combined with masculin Hoowa to cancel it. It is not accepted that God is either a male nor female, because he can not be compared with our world.
Chapter 3: Looking at Life the Islamic Way
Chapter 3: Looking at life the Islamic Way
1. According to Islam, we are all born "good" - how does it then explain the "bad" that exists?
We are born good but have a natural weakness to succumb to our desires and avoid pain, and these lead to sin. There is also the concept of a devil or evil that influences actions; however, we are given the tools to overpower these urges.
2. What are the purposes of the 3 levels of self development in Islam?
The animal self, accusing self, and restful self are the levels we go through as we struggle to accept God. The purpose is to overcome our inner nature and raise our minds to allow us to seek God.
3. How does Islam both accept other religious ideas but is the "last installment of God's will"
These other religions are the result of people attempting to reach spirituality through what is familiar. However, they believe that after exploring these compromised religions one will practice Islam or the ultimate representation of God's will.
4. What do you think is the role of the Tawba? How does this play a role in the daily responsibility of individuals? How is this different (or similar) compared to other religions?
I think the role of the Tawba is overcoming the sin and learning from it. It is showing the practitioners devotion and remorse for the act. This places more responsibility on the individual to keep their promises from previous Tawba's and resolve to become better people/ sin less. This is different in the simplicity of the steps but similar in the idea of remorse and vowing to never commit the sin again.
5. Why is Islam not a faith of "good deeds" even if it superficially may seem to be - or as claimed in the reading, it is a form of "religious capitalism"
It is religious capitalism because the entire purpose that is placed on good deeds is to be rewarded for it. Hard work is recognized on judgment day and it is therefore not a communal caring society, but a selfish way to strive for a goal.
6. What is meant in the sentence: "Salvation in Islam comes from making the choice while alive to accept Allah and mold like according to the way of life He has established."
This counters the Christian idea of people being born evil, and says that we must consciously maintain our good that we are born with and strive to live within the guide of Allah to go to heaven. To live a life based on morality and giving is to mold according to his way of life.
7. Revisit / expand on the concept of the Fitrah
Fitrah is our inner good. This is the angel on our shoulder that tells us to do good and fights with the devil on the other side that thinks only of personal desire and immediate satisfaction. This comes from the good in our souls that we are born with, without sin. This is the tool that God gives everyone to overcome the temptation of the devil.
Friday, January 30, 2015
Rituals
1. What are the purposes of specific rituals?
- Evaluate the spiritual importance that each has for the believer.
In order to become a Muslim and surrender to the existence of God, one must pray everyday to show their dedication to God. This is shown through the ritual of the Salat, or the daily ritual prayer. This is done at specific times and has many intentions (niyya) depending on the person. However, asking for guidance and expressing lamentation are popular. This all applies to the acceptance that their is one true God, Allah, or Tawhid. This allows Muslims to become closer to God, and show their dedication to the religion. Another way to do this is to follow one of the 5 pillars, a pilgrimage to Mecca. This is also called the Hajj, and is usually done during Dhu al- Hijja- from the eighth to twelfth days. This shows their faith in God, or Iman, as well as participation in the Umma or Muslim community. These two rituals are two of the many ways for a Muslim to show his faith and deepen his spiritual participation.
Information was found from the book, Islam, by Zayn R. Kassam.
2. To what extent does ritual shape communal identity?
- Determine the degree to which the Five Pillars create communal identity
The five pillars of Islam are the testimony of faith (shahada), ritual prayer (salat), payment of alms to charity (zakat), fasting (sawm), and pilgrimage (hajj). These are all executed by every Muslim that has the means to preform them. This helps create a common groundwork of practice for all Muslims all over the world and creates a close bond within the Umma, or Muslim community. For example, in preforming the Hajj, Muslims agglomerate to Mecca all throughout the year, and specifically during the Dhu al-Hijja. This allows the Umma to have a common place where Muslims can meet and solidify their beliefs. Daily practice is often preformed with others as well, and creates many times a day when Muslims kneel side by side and preform this ritual. Paying alms and fasting allows for similar values for all Muslims and the testimony of faith gives everybody a basis for their goals. The five pillars outlines the key elements to a practicing Muslim and connects each to the other. Within the Umma, they share not only a religion but daily rituals and values as well. The five pillars contribute to the community of Islam to a high degree.
Information was found from the book, Islam, by Zayn R. Kassam.
3. How are specific rituals and doctrines linked?
- Discuss the relationship between doctrine and ritual; introduce fitrah, kalimah, sabr, dhikr.
A doctrine is a belief or set of beliefs set, held, and taught by a church or other group and a ritual is a type of religious ceremony. One specific doctrine that Islam's practice is the idea that there is only one God. They practice idea this through the ritual of prayer. During these prayers, fitrah is addressed and thanked for. Fitrah refers to the essential nature of God's creation. By praying, it teaches to us to remain spiritually steadfast which can be done through practicing the idea that there is only one God and praying to that God. This is the idea of Sabr. Kalimah refers to six standard phrases that the religion of Islam follows. Through the phrases, prayer is key for forgiveness and praise. Dhikr, a form of devotion, is also displayed through the ritual of prayer.
http://www.angelfire.com/al/islamicpsychology/fitrah/fitrah.html
http://www.questionsaboutislam.com/faith-beliefs-practices/main-practices-rituals-of-islam.php
4. How does ritual shape daily life?
- Discuss how a Muslim lives his or her daily life according to rituals, eg prayer.
Salat (ritual prayer):
Muslims perform salat or prayer 5 times a day (dawn (al-fajr), midday (al-zuhr), afternoon (al-'asr), sunset (al-maghrib) and evening (al-'isha)). Prayer is always directed towards Mecca and is called daily throughout major Islamic cities. Because salat occurs 5 times a day, it affects the flow and rhythm of Islamic life even for non-Muslims living in Islamic cities.
Sawm (fasting):
Fasting or sawm is done during the Islamic holiday, Ramadan. During this holiday Muslims cannot eat or drink from sun up to sunset. This could potentially affect their ability to perform certain tasks during the day, such as sports etc. It also changes their daily schedule because all cooking and eating has to be done before dawn or after dusk.
http://productivemuslim.com/10-issues-that-can-impact-your-ramadan/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/salat.shtml
5. To what extent are rituals affected by social, cultural, and political contexts?
- Discuss sharia as it varies from country to country.
Sharia is Islamic law, which dictates legal and moral code. "The debate is growing as to whether sharia can coexist with secularism, democracy, or even modernity, an idea that is being tested by several countries in the Middle East in the wake of popular uprisings and civil wars."
Sharia has been declared the main source of legislation in multiple Sudan constitutions. As these laws have been tweaked for this specific country, Sudan continues to use the criminal, civil and personal legal codes, and punishments derived from Sharia.
This law is applicable to Muslims in Zanzibar as well, giving power to the court to apply Islamic law to matters of succession. Sharia in Zanzibar is specific to the court, making it differ from most countries.
Sharia effects social, political, and cultural contexts by providing order and restrictions by telling the people what they can and cannot do when it comes to moral code.
http://www.cfr.org/religion/islam-governing-under-sharia/p8034
http://www.tolerance.org/publication/sharia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_of_sharia_law_by_country
- Evaluate the spiritual importance that each has for the believer.
In order to become a Muslim and surrender to the existence of God, one must pray everyday to show their dedication to God. This is shown through the ritual of the Salat, or the daily ritual prayer. This is done at specific times and has many intentions (niyya) depending on the person. However, asking for guidance and expressing lamentation are popular. This all applies to the acceptance that their is one true God, Allah, or Tawhid. This allows Muslims to become closer to God, and show their dedication to the religion. Another way to do this is to follow one of the 5 pillars, a pilgrimage to Mecca. This is also called the Hajj, and is usually done during Dhu al- Hijja- from the eighth to twelfth days. This shows their faith in God, or Iman, as well as participation in the Umma or Muslim community. These two rituals are two of the many ways for a Muslim to show his faith and deepen his spiritual participation.
Information was found from the book, Islam, by Zayn R. Kassam.
2. To what extent does ritual shape communal identity?
- Determine the degree to which the Five Pillars create communal identity
The five pillars of Islam are the testimony of faith (shahada), ritual prayer (salat), payment of alms to charity (zakat), fasting (sawm), and pilgrimage (hajj). These are all executed by every Muslim that has the means to preform them. This helps create a common groundwork of practice for all Muslims all over the world and creates a close bond within the Umma, or Muslim community. For example, in preforming the Hajj, Muslims agglomerate to Mecca all throughout the year, and specifically during the Dhu al-Hijja. This allows the Umma to have a common place where Muslims can meet and solidify their beliefs. Daily practice is often preformed with others as well, and creates many times a day when Muslims kneel side by side and preform this ritual. Paying alms and fasting allows for similar values for all Muslims and the testimony of faith gives everybody a basis for their goals. The five pillars outlines the key elements to a practicing Muslim and connects each to the other. Within the Umma, they share not only a religion but daily rituals and values as well. The five pillars contribute to the community of Islam to a high degree.
Information was found from the book, Islam, by Zayn R. Kassam.
3. How are specific rituals and doctrines linked?
- Discuss the relationship between doctrine and ritual; introduce fitrah, kalimah, sabr, dhikr.
A doctrine is a belief or set of beliefs set, held, and taught by a church or other group and a ritual is a type of religious ceremony. One specific doctrine that Islam's practice is the idea that there is only one God. They practice idea this through the ritual of prayer. During these prayers, fitrah is addressed and thanked for. Fitrah refers to the essential nature of God's creation. By praying, it teaches to us to remain spiritually steadfast which can be done through practicing the idea that there is only one God and praying to that God. This is the idea of Sabr. Kalimah refers to six standard phrases that the religion of Islam follows. Through the phrases, prayer is key for forgiveness and praise. Dhikr, a form of devotion, is also displayed through the ritual of prayer.
http://www.angelfire.com/al/islamicpsychology/fitrah/fitrah.html
http://www.questionsaboutislam.com/faith-beliefs-practices/main-practices-rituals-of-islam.php
4. How does ritual shape daily life?
- Discuss how a Muslim lives his or her daily life according to rituals, eg prayer.
Salat (ritual prayer):
Muslims perform salat or prayer 5 times a day (dawn (al-fajr), midday (al-zuhr), afternoon (al-'asr), sunset (al-maghrib) and evening (al-'isha)). Prayer is always directed towards Mecca and is called daily throughout major Islamic cities. Because salat occurs 5 times a day, it affects the flow and rhythm of Islamic life even for non-Muslims living in Islamic cities.
Sawm (fasting):
Fasting or sawm is done during the Islamic holiday, Ramadan. During this holiday Muslims cannot eat or drink from sun up to sunset. This could potentially affect their ability to perform certain tasks during the day, such as sports etc. It also changes their daily schedule because all cooking and eating has to be done before dawn or after dusk.
http://productivemuslim.com/10-issues-that-can-impact-your-ramadan/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/salat.shtml
5. To what extent are rituals affected by social, cultural, and political contexts?
- Discuss sharia as it varies from country to country.
Sharia is Islamic law, which dictates legal and moral code. "The debate is growing as to whether sharia can coexist with secularism, democracy, or even modernity, an idea that is being tested by several countries in the Middle East in the wake of popular uprisings and civil wars."
Sharia has been declared the main source of legislation in multiple Sudan constitutions. As these laws have been tweaked for this specific country, Sudan continues to use the criminal, civil and personal legal codes, and punishments derived from Sharia.
This law is applicable to Muslims in Zanzibar as well, giving power to the court to apply Islamic law to matters of succession. Sharia in Zanzibar is specific to the court, making it differ from most countries.
Sharia effects social, political, and cultural contexts by providing order and restrictions by telling the people what they can and cannot do when it comes to moral code.
http://www.cfr.org/religion/islam-governing-under-sharia/p8034
http://www.tolerance.org/publication/sharia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_of_sharia_law_by_country
Monday, January 26, 2015
Timeline of Islam
Islam: Empire of Faith
Prayer:
There is no god but God
Muhammad is the messenger of God
Come to prayer
What we know about Muhammad is only what has been preserved over all these years
Born in/around 570 A.D. in Arabian Peninsula- Mecca
Tribal war scattered the land
6- Parents died (Child of everybody)
Bedouin- Nomadic (Clans)
Oral culture (Reciting poetry was honored- bound everyone together to their ancestor and celebrated their victories)
Muhammad’s uncle taught him how to survive in the battle scared lands
Allegiance to family- then tribe
Water is precious- symbol
Shrine of wood stone and cloth- Kabba is the shrine of the separate gods (Sanctuary)
Black stone fell from the sky
People put down their arms and facilitated trading within the holy area
Cultures mixed
Christians, Jews, and Animists all collided
Khadijah proposed to Muhammad- wealthy
When black stone was out of place, Muhammad offered sharing the weight and honor
Al-Amîn- The trusted one
610 (40yrs old) Angel appeared to him on the mountain and made him recite the words of God
He found this disturbing- but it led to the development of Islam
Powerful words led to the message that their is only one God- Divine unity
One God meant one people and eliminated the tribal divisions
This was revolutionary to the divided poor- social justice message
Not a poet because poets speak through desire- this is not the voice of desire it is the voice of God
The Qu’ran was revealed orally and people wanted to write it down to prevent corruption of the lesson. People began copying this spiritual collection of religious teachings.
Natural- still in Arabic (intimacy)
No description of God- not a thing or projection of the human self (No sculpture/images)
Pictures of Muhammad are not to be worshiped nor are they religious
They are historical not devotional
The miracle was not magic but the words
People were skeptical to the idea of life after death
Apocalyptic imagery to show the responsibility of our actions (outrage)
The economy suffered as people left- people plotted to assassinate him
690- Khadijah and his uncle died due to enemies expelling his followers from the trade and starving them.
Yahthrib? A town north of Mecca became his refuge- peacemaker
Leaving their families and lives was the ultimate test of devotion- bound by faith not blood- beginning of Islam-
622 is the Muslim Year One
The City of the Prophet- Medina
Bring together different groups into harmony through belief
Christians and Jews are people of the book of people who God revealed himself too, however, people went astray
Call to prayer- affirmation of God’s unity
Praying together cements the idea of a community
While in Medina- received revelation to face Kabbah- shrine of Abraham
Muslims were outnumbered when they fought Meccans (brother fighting brother)
Three years they held out against the odds
Gods hand- people joined- tide turned
Mecca eventually fell to Muhammad - no bloody revenge- shocking
Great generosity, kindness, mercy
He broke the tribal gods of his ancestors- shrines
New beginning
Explosive grown from 622 within 50 years (Camel herder fathers-governors)
From Morroco-> India
Success was due to the fed up attitudes towards existing religions/governments
Conquered people did not feel the regime heavily- free-er
Filled void-- solidarity
In the Church of St. john the Baptist in Damascus on Fridays- to allow christians to practice on sundays, the two religions practiced in peace
Built Mosque on the side- Great Mosque of Damascus
Elaborate irrigation systems and aqueducts- wheat introduced
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is Holy and artistic (sparkles)
Islam came to stay
632 A.D - Muhammad dies
How to choose new leader -- Shi’ite- Appointed successor
Sunni- You choose
Reflection-
This timeline shows many key elements of the development of Islam. I think some of the most important include the Birth of Muhammad, and him hearing the words of God in 610. This formed the foundation of the religion. It is also key that the people were torn by tribes and other aspects of life, and found the religion of Islam to be a peaceful social change for the better. From here, year 1 or 622 A.D. is extremely important in not only the spread but also the start of the calendar. The battle Muhammad fought with 300 men is also key to convert people who say this "aid of God". This led to the explosive growth for 50 years, and the radical social change. I think that creating this timeline has helped put many of the concepts in context of the time, and show the historical aspects of the religion. This is key to understanding its spread and how it became the influential religion it is today.
Sunni- You choose
Reflection-
This timeline shows many key elements of the development of Islam. I think some of the most important include the Birth of Muhammad, and him hearing the words of God in 610. This formed the foundation of the religion. It is also key that the people were torn by tribes and other aspects of life, and found the religion of Islam to be a peaceful social change for the better. From here, year 1 or 622 A.D. is extremely important in not only the spread but also the start of the calendar. The battle Muhammad fought with 300 men is also key to convert people who say this "aid of God". This led to the explosive growth for 50 years, and the radical social change. I think that creating this timeline has helped put many of the concepts in context of the time, and show the historical aspects of the religion. This is key to understanding its spread and how it became the influential religion it is today.
Sunday, January 25, 2015
Discussion reflection
I think this discussion strayed slightly from the study of simply Islam, and brought in the ideas of other religions. However, I also feel that this is one way to help us understand not only specific religions better, but religious experience altogether. The idea that each of three of the biggest religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam- are all connected with mentions of Jesus and other prophets as well as the idea that they believe in the same God is an interesting idea that may need further investigation.
However, focusing on Islam- a key question that I found interesting was the idea of language changing beliefs. I think the fact that Muslims learn a minimal amount of arabic in order to study the religion is a fascinating practice and one that (you would think) would maintain the authenticity of the religion throughout the years.
Also, I would like to explore in depth the controversies and world wide interpretations of this touchy religion.
However, focusing on Islam- a key question that I found interesting was the idea of language changing beliefs. I think the fact that Muslims learn a minimal amount of arabic in order to study the religion is a fascinating practice and one that (you would think) would maintain the authenticity of the religion throughout the years.
Also, I would like to explore in depth the controversies and world wide interpretations of this touchy religion.
Chapter 2: Food for the Soul
Chapter 2:
- What is the purpose of the Ayatul Kursi: "Verse of the Throne"
The purpose of this passage is to describe the immensity of Allah and his power. To reiterate that he owns everything and everything is created by him. It implements key ideas like the one that he is eternal and will never end. He is the only God.
2. What, according to Muslims what are the four areas that prove the existence of God / Allah
1- The complexity of nature that proves an intelligent creator
2- Our human abilities like thought, creativity, invention, etc. that no other animals can preform
3- The presence of God through revelations, prophets, and guidance proves life is directed
4- Our inner feelings that make us ponder meaning, the existence of a question proves the existence of an answer
3. What does it mean to "surrender to Allah"?
It means to accept that the entire natural world is following the rules created by him and have thus surrendered to him. Following our natural course is how one surrenders to Allah, and preforming the role in nature that was intended.
4. What is the role of free will in Islam and following God's will
The role of free will is that it is simply a gift given by God that comes with the consequence of good vs bad. This gift is given to serve God's free will and unite with him. God's will is the "best thing that any one of us could ever do" because love and fellowship with God is the ultimate reward for following God's love. Kids don't obey but their love is worth weeks of anger.
5. Fitrah: Why is it important to have this in addition to free will? According to Islam, how is it that all of us have Fitrah, even if we are not Muslim?
This is our moral compass that helps guide use through life. This explains our superiority over animals and why the gift of free will was given to us by God. It helps us feel euphoria. Everybody has this inclination but our enviornments push us towards other religions and ways of life.
6. In your own words explain Fitrah
Fitrah is that urging feeling to do right even when all your desires tell you to help yourself.
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